Context:
A study has identified a link between COVID-19 infection and an increased risk of developing Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) within six weeks. Pune has reported the first confirmed death related to this condition.
About GBS
- It is a rare condition where the immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous system, affecting nerves responsible for muscle movement, pain, temperature, and touch sensations.
- It can lead to muscle weakness, loss of sensation, and difficulties with swallowing and breathing.
Symptoms:
- Symptoms last a few weeks, with most recovering without long-term complications.
- Early symptoms include weakness or tingling, starting in the legs and spreading to the arms and face.
- Severe cases can lead to paralysis, difficulty breathing, speaking, and swallowing, requiring intensive care.
- Most recover fully, though some may experience lingering weakness.
- A small number of patients may die from complications, such as respiratory paralysis, infections, or cardiac arrest.
Causes:
- GBS is rare and its cause is not fully understood.
- Most cases follow an infection with a virus or bacteria, causing the immune system to attack the body.
- Common triggers include:
- Campylobacter jejuni (causes gastroenteritis).
- Flu and other viral infections like cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, and Zika virus.
- Rarely, vaccinations or surgery can trigger GBS, but the risk is very low.
- People are more likely to get GBS from infections like the flu than from vaccines.
Diagnosis:
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms and neurological exam (e.g., loss of deep tendon reflexes).
- Lumbar puncture or Electromyography (EMG) may be used for support but should not delay treatment.
- Blood tests to identify the cause are not necessary for diagnosis and should not delay care.
- Close monitoring for respiratory difficulties is essential in suspected GBS cases.
WHO Response:
WHO supports countries in managing GBS by:
- Enhancing surveillance of causes like Campylobacter jejuni and Zika virus.
- Providing guidelines for assessment and management.
- supporting countries to implement guidelines and strengthen health systems.
- Defining the research agenda for GBS.
Intersectoral Action Plan: WHO’s global plan on neurological disorders includes a comprehensive response to neurological conditions like GBS, ensuring coordinated care across sectors.